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C++ 基本语法

C++ 程序可以定义为对象的集合，这些对象通过调用彼此的方法进行交互。现在让我们简要地看一下什么是类、对象，方法、即时变量。

• 对象 - 对象具有状态和行为。例如：一只狗的状态 - 颜色、名称、品种，行为 - 摇动、叫唤、吃。对象是类的实例。
• 类 - 类可以定义为描述对象行为/状态的模板/蓝图。
• 方法 - 从基本上说，一个方法表示一种行为。一个类可以包含多个方法。可以在方法中写入逻辑、操作数据以及执行所有的动作。
• 即时变量 - 每个对象都有其独特的即时变量。对象的状态是由这些即时变量的值创建的。

C++ 程序结构

让我们看一段简单的代码，可以输出单词 Hello World。

实例

#include using namespace std; // main() 是程序开始执行的地方 int main() { cout << "Hello World"; // 输出 Hello World return 0; }

接下来我们讲解一下上面这段程序：

• C++ 语言定义了一些头文件，这些头文件包含了程序中必需的或有用的信息。上面这段程序中，包含了头文件 。
• 下一行 using namespace std; 告诉编译器使用 std 命名空间。命名空间是 C++ 中一个相对新的概念。
• 下一行 // main() 是程序开始执行的地方 是一个单行注释。单行注释以 // 开头，在行末结束。
• 下一行 int main() 是主函数，程序从这里开始执行。
• 下一行 cout << "Hello World"; 会在屏幕上显示消息 "Hello World"。
• 下一行 return 0; 终止 main( )函数，并向调用进程返回值 0。

编译 & 执行 C++ 程序

接下来让我们看看如何把源代码保存在一个文件中，以及如何编译并运行它。下面是简单的步骤：

• 打开一个文本编辑器，添加上述代码。
• 保存文件为 hello.cpp。
• 打开命令提示符，进入到保存文件所在的目录。
• 键入 'g++ hello.cpp '，输入回车，编译代码。如果代码中没有错误，命令提示符会跳到下一行，并生成 a.out 可执行文件。
• 现在，键入 ' a.out' 来运行程序。
• 您可以看到屏幕上显示 ' Hello World '。

$ g++ hello.cpp
$ ./a.out
Hello World

请确保您的路径中已包含 g++ 编译器，并确保在包含源文件 hello.cpp 的目录中运行它。

您也可以使用 makefile 来编译 C/C++ 程序。

C++ 中的分号 & 语句块

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在 C++ 中，分号是语句结束符。也就是说，每个语句必须以分号结束。它表明一个逻辑实体的结束。

例如，下面是三个不同的语句：

x = y; y = y+1; add(x, y);

语句块是一组使用大括号括起来的按逻辑连接的语句。例如：

{ cout << "Hello World"; // 输出 Hello World return 0; }

C++ 不以行末作为结束符的标识，因此，您可以在一行上放置多个语句。例如：

x = y;