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首先需要理解需求：设计一个技能系统，包括基础技能模板、5个示例技能，并实现技能测试框架。
将使用UML类图来建模，然后提供具体的实现方案。

步骤：

1. 定义基础技能模板（基类），它应该包含技能的基本属性和方法，比如技能名称、描述、冷却时间、施法条件等，以及施放技能的方法。

2. 创建5个具体的技能类，继承自基础技能模板，并实现具体的施放效果。

3. 设计一个技能测试框架，用于测试技能的施放，包括条件检查、冷却时间更新、效果触发等。

考虑到技能系统可能会复杂，我们这里先设计一个简单的版本，但保持扩展性。

基础技能模板（Skill）可能包含：

• 技能名称（name）

• 技能描述（description）

• 冷却时间（cooldown）

• 当前冷却时间（currentCooldown）

• 技能等级（level）等

方法：

• 施放技能（cast）：抽象方法，由具体技能实现。

• 是否可以施放（canCast）：检查冷却时间和其他条件。

• 更新冷却时间（updateCooldown）：每帧或每次更新时调用，减少当前冷却时间。

具体技能将实现cast方法，并可以重写canCast方法以添加额外条件。

测试框架：我们可以创建一个测试类，用于模拟技能的施放，检查技能效果和冷却时间。

下面用UML类图表示：

@startuml
class Skill {
  # name: String
  # description: String
  # cooldown: float
  # currentCooldown: float
  # level: int
  + Skill(name: String, description: String, cooldown: float)
  + canCast(): boolean
  + cast(target: Object): void
  + updateCooldown(deltaTime: float): void
  + resetCooldown(): void
}

class Fireball {
  - damage: float
  + Fireball()
  + cast(target: Object): void
}

class Heal {
  - healAmount: float
  + Heal()
  + cast(target: Object): void
}

class Shield {
  - shieldAmount: float
  + Shield()
  + cast(target: Object): void
}

class Teleport {
  - distance: float
  + Teleport()
  + cast(target: Object): void
}

class Charge {
  - damage: float
  - distance: float
  + Charge()
  + cast(target: Object): void
}

Skill <|-- Fireball
Skill <|-- Heal
Skill <|-- Shield
Skill <|-- Teleport
Skill <|-- Charge

class SkillTester {
  + testSkill(skill: Skill, target: Object): void
  + runAllTests(): void
}
@enduml

现在，我们提供具体的实现方案。

注意：为了简化，假设target是Object类型，实际中可能是一个角色或位置等。

将用TypeScript来实现，因为TypeScript具有类型检查，并且适合面向对象设计。如果需要其他语言，也可以类似转换。

步骤：

1. 定义抽象类Skill。

2. 实现5个具体技能类。

3. 实现技能测试框架SkillTester。

下面给出详细设计：

OpenCode技能系统设计与实现方案

一、UML建模

1.1 总体类图

1.2 序列图 - 技能激活流程

二、系统设计方案

2.1 核心架构

// 基础接口定义
public interface ISkill
{
    string Id { get; }
    string Name { get; }
    string Description { get; }
    int Level { get; }
    int MaxLevel { get; }
    SkillCategory Category { get; }
    SkillActivationType ActivationType { get; }
    float Cooldown { get; }
    float CurrentCooldown { get; }
    float ManaCost { get; }
    float CastTime { get; }
    bool IsActive { get; }
    SkillTargetType TargetType { get; }
    Dictionary<string, float> Attributes { get; }
    
    void Initialize();
    bool Activate(SkillContext context);
    void Deactivate();
    void Update(float deltaTime);
    bool LevelUp();
    bool CanActivate(SkillContext context);
    SkillInfo GetSkillInfo();
}

// 技能类别枚举
public enum SkillCategory
{
    Offensive,      // 攻击型
    Defensive,      // 防御型
    Support,        // 辅助型
    Movement,       // 移动型
    Ultimate        // 终极技能
}

// 激活类型枚举
public enum SkillActivationType
{
    Instant,        // 立即生效
    Channeled,      // 引导型
    Toggle,         // 开关型
    Passive         // 被动型
}

// 目标类型枚举
public enum SkillTargetType
{
    Self,           // 自身
    SingleTarget,   // 单体目标
    AreaOfEffect,   // 范围效果
    Directional,    // 方向型
    NoTarget        // 无需目标
}

2.2 抽象基类实现

public abstract class SkillBase : ISkill
{
    protected SkillConfig _config;
    protected float _activationTime;
    protected SkillState _state;
    protected List<ISkillEffect> _effects;
    
    // 属性实现
    public string Id => _config.Id;
    public string Name => _config.Name;
    public string Description => _config.Description;
    public int Level { get; protected set; } = 1;
    public int MaxLevel => _config.MaxLevel;
    public SkillCategory Category => _config.Category;
    public SkillActivationType ActivationType => _config.ActivationType;
    public float Cooldown { get; protected set; }
    public float CurrentCooldown { get; protected set; }
    public float ManaCost { get; protected set; }
    public float CastTime { get; protected set; }
    public bool IsActive => _state == SkillState.Active;
    public SkillTargetType TargetType => _config.TargetType;
    public Dictionary<string, float> Attributes { get; protected set; }
    
    public SkillBase(SkillConfig config)
    {
        _config = config;
        _state = SkillState.Inactive;
        _effects = new List<ISkillEffect>();
        Attributes = new Dictionary<string, float>(config.BaseAttributes);
        Initialize();
    }
    
    public virtual void Initialize()
    {
        // 初始化技能属性
        Cooldown = _config.BaseCooldown;
        ManaCost = _config.BaseManaCost;
        CastTime = _config.BaseCastTime;
        
        // 初始化技能效果
        foreach (var effectConfig in _config.Effects)
        {
            var effect = SkillEffectFactory.CreateEffect(effectConfig);
            _effects.Add(effect);
        }
        
        // 应用等级配置
        ApplyLevelConfig();
    }
    
    public virtual bool Activate(SkillContext context)
    {
        if (!CanActivate(context))
            return false;
            
        _state = SkillState.Active;
        _activationTime = Time.time;
        CurrentCooldown = Cooldown;
        
        // 触发激活事件
        OnActivated(context);
        
        // 应用技能效果
        ApplyEffects(context);
        
        return true;
    }
    
    public virtual void Deactivate()
    {
        _state = SkillState.Inactive;
        OnDeactivated();
    }
    
    public virtual void Update(float deltaTime)
    {
        // 更新冷却时间
        if (CurrentCooldown > 0)
            CurrentCooldown = Mathf.Max(0, CurrentCooldown - deltaTime);
            
        // 更新技能效果
        foreach (var effect in _effects)
        {
            effect.Update(deltaTime);
        }
        
        // 检查技能状态
        if (_state == SkillState.Active && ActivationType == SkillActivationType.Instant)
        {
            // 立即生效的技能在激活后立即结束
            if (Time.time - _activationTime >= 0.1f)
            {
                Deactivate();
            }
        }
    }
    
    public virtual bool LevelUp()
    {
        if (Level >= MaxLevel)
            return false;
            
        Level++;
        ApplyLevelConfig();
        return true;
    }
    
    public virtual bool CanActivate(SkillContext context)
    {
        // 检查冷却时间
        if (CurrentCooldown > 0)
            return false;
            
        // 检查法力值
        var caster = context.Caster;
        if (caster != null && caster.CurrentMana < ManaCost)
            return false;
            
        // 检查目标
        if (!ValidateTarget(context))
            return false;
            
        // 检查施法条件
        return CheckActivationConditions(context);
    }
    
    protected virtual void OnActivated(SkillContext context)
    {
        // 消耗资源
        var caster = context.Caster;
        if (caster != null)
        {
            caster.ModifyMana(-ManaCost);
        }
    }
    
    protected virtual void OnDeactivated()
    {
        // 清理工作
    }
    
    protected virtual void ApplyEffects(SkillContext context)
    {
        foreach (var effect in _effects)
        {
            effect.Apply(context);
        }
    }
    
    protected virtual bool ValidateTarget(SkillContext context)
    {
        switch (TargetType)
        {
            case SkillTargetType.Self:
                return context.Caster != null;
            case SkillTargetType.SingleTarget:
                return context.Target != null;
            case SkillTargetType.AreaOfEffect:
                return true;
            case SkillTargetType.Directional:
                return true;
            case SkillTargetType.NoTarget:
                return true;
            default:
                return false;
        }
    }
    
    protected virtual bool CheckActivationConditions(SkillContext context)
    {
        // 可由子类重写以添加额外条件
        return true;
    }
    
    protected virtual void ApplyLevelConfig()
    {
        if (_config.LevelConfigs.TryGetValue(Level, out var levelConfig))
        {
            // 应用等级加成
            Cooldown = _config.BaseCooldown * levelConfig.CooldownMultiplier;
            ManaCost = _config.BaseManaCost * levelConfig.ManaCostMultiplier;
            CastTime = _config.BaseCastTime * levelConfig.CastTimeMultiplier;
            
            // 更新属性
            foreach (var attribute in levelConfig.AttributeModifiers)
            {
                if (Attributes.ContainsKey(attribute.Key))
                    Attributes[attribute.Key] *= attribute.Value;
                else
                    Attributes[attribute.Key] = attribute.Value;
            }
        }
    }
    
    public SkillInfo GetSkillInfo()
    {
        return new SkillInfo
        {
            Id = Id,
            Name = Name,
            Description = Description,
            Level = Level,
            MaxLevel = MaxLevel,
            Category = Category,
            Cooldown = Cooldown,
            CurrentCooldown = CurrentCooldown,
            ManaCost = ManaCost,
            CastTime = CastTime,
            IsActive = IsActive,
            Attributes = new Dictionary<string, float>(Attributes)
        };
    }
}

三、5个示例技能实现

3.1 火球术（Fireball）

public class FireballSkill : SkillBase
{
    private float _damage;
    private float _explosionRadius;
    
    public FireballSkill(SkillConfig config) : base(config)
    {
        // 从配置中读取特殊属性
        _damage = Attributes.GetValueOrDefault("Damage", 50f);
        _explosionRadius = Attributes.GetValueOrDefault("ExplosionRadius", 3f);
    }
    
    protected override void OnActivated(SkillContext context)
    {
        base.OnActivated(context);
        
        // 创建火球投射物
        var projectile = ProjectileManager.CreateProjectile(
            "FireballProjectile",
            context.Caster.Position,
            context.Caster.Rotation
        );
        
        // 设置火球属性
        projectile.SetDamage(_damage);
        projectile.SetRadius(_explosionRadius);
        projectile.SetTarget(context.Target);
        projectile.OnHit += OnFireballHit;
        
        // 播放音效和特效
        AudioManager.PlaySound("fireball_cast");
        VisualEffectManager.PlayEffect("fireball_cast", context.Caster.Position);
    }
    
    private void OnFireballHit(GameEntity target, Vector3 position)
    {
        // 造成范围伤害
        var enemies = EntityManager.GetEntitiesInRadius(position, _explosionRadius, "Enemy");
        foreach (var enemy in enemies)
        {
            enemy.TakeDamage(_damage, DamageType.Fire);
            
            // 应用燃烧效果
            if (Random.value < 0.3f) // 30%几率点燃
            {
                enemy.AddBuff(new BurnBuff(5f, _damage * 0.2f));
            }
        }
        
        // 播放爆炸特效
        VisualEffectManager.PlayEffect("fireball_explosion", position);
        AudioManager.PlaySound("fireball_explosion");
    }
    
    protected override void ApplyLevelConfig()
    {
        base.ApplyLevelConfig();
        
        // 更新火球特定属性
        _damage = Attributes.GetValueOrDefault("Damage", 50f);
        _explosionRadius = Attributes.GetValueOrDefault("ExplosionRadius", 3f);
    }
}

3.2 治疗术（Heal）

public class HealSkill : SkillBase
{
    private float _healAmount;
    private float _healOverTimeDuration;
    
    public HealSkill(SkillConfig config) : base(config)
    {
        _healAmount = Attributes.GetValueOrDefault("HealAmount", 100f);
        _healOverTimeDuration = Attributes.GetValueOrDefault("HealOverTimeDuration", 0f);
    }
    
    protected override void ApplyEffects(SkillContext context)
    {
        var target = context.Target ?? context.Caster;
        
        if (target == null)
            return;
            
        // 立即治疗效果
        float immediateHeal = _healAmount * 0.7f;
        target.Heal(immediateHeal);
        
        // 持续治疗效果
        if (_healOverTimeDuration > 0)
        {
            float hotAmount = _healAmount * 0.3f;
            float interval = 1f; // 每秒一次
            int ticks = Mathf.CeilToInt(_healOverTimeDuration / interval);
            float healPerTick = hotAmount / ticks;
            
            target.AddBuff(new HealOverTimeBuff(
                _healOverTimeDuration,
                interval,
                healPerTick
            ));
        }
        
        // 治疗特效
        VisualEffectManager.PlayEffect("heal_effect", target.Position);
        AudioManager.PlaySound("heal_cast");
    }
    
    protected override bool ValidateTarget(SkillContext context)
    {
        // 治疗技能可以以友方单位为目标
        var target = context.Target;
        if (target != null && target.Team != context.Caster.Team)
            return false;
            
        return base.ValidateTarget(context);
    }
}

3.3 能量护盾（Shield）

public class ShieldSkill : SkillBase
{
    private float _shieldAmount;
    private float _shieldDuration;
    private float _damageAbsorption;
    
    public ShieldSkill(SkillConfig config) : base(config)
    {
        ActivationType = SkillActivationType.Toggle;
        _shieldAmount = Attributes.GetValueOrDefault("ShieldAmount", 200f);
        _shieldDuration = Attributes.GetValueOrDefault("ShieldDuration", 10f);
        _damageAbsorption = Attributes.GetValueOrDefault("DamageAbsorption", 0.3f);
    }
    
    public override bool Activate(SkillContext context)
    {
        if (IsActive)
        {
            // 如果护盾已激活，则关闭它
            Deactivate();
            return true;
        }
        
        return base.Activate(context);
    }
    
    protected override void OnActivated(SkillContext context)
    {
        base.OnActivated(context);
        
        var target = context.Target ?? context.Caster;
        
        // 创建护盾效果
        var shield = new EnergyShield(
            _shieldAmount,
            _shieldDuration,
            _damageAbsorption,
            target
        );
        
        target.AddShield(shield);
        
        // 护盾特效
        VisualEffectManager.PlayEffect("shield_activate", target.Position);
        AudioManager.PlaySound("shield_activate");
    }
    
    protected override void OnDeactivated()
    {
        // 移除护盾效果
        // 注意：这里可能需要访问保存的护盾引用
        
        VisualEffectManager.PlayEffect("shield_deactivate");
        AudioManager.PlaySound("shield_deactivate");
    }
    
    public override void Update(float deltaTime)
    {
        base.Update(deltaTime);
        
        // 对于开关型技能，需要检查持续时间
        if (IsActive && _shieldDuration > 0)
        {
            if (Time.time - _activationTime >= _shieldDuration)
            {
                Deactivate();
            }
        }
    }
}

3.4 瞬间移动（Teleport）

public class TeleportSkill : SkillBase
{
    private float _maxDistance;
    private bool _canPassThroughWalls;
    
    public TeleportSkill(SkillConfig config) : base(config)
    {
        _maxDistance = Attributes.GetValueOrDefault("MaxDistance", 10f);
        _canPassThroughWalls = Attributes.GetValueOrDefault("CanPassThroughWalls", 0f) > 0.5f;
    }
    
    protected override void OnActivated(SkillContext context)
    {
        base.OnActivated(context);
        
        var caster = context.Caster;
        var targetPosition = CalculateTeleportPosition(context);
        
        // 检查目标位置是否有效
        if (!IsValidTeleportPosition(targetPosition))
        {
            // 如果位置无效，尝试在附近寻找有效位置
            targetPosition = FindValidPositionNearby(targetPosition);
            
            if (targetPosition == Vector3.zero)
            {
                // 没有有效位置，技能失败但不进入冷却
                CurrentCooldown = 0;
                return;
            }
        }
        
        // 执行传送
        caster.Teleport(targetPosition);
        
        // 传送特效
        VisualEffectManager.PlayEffect("teleport_start", caster.Position);
        VisualEffectManager.PlayEffect("teleport_end", targetPosition);
        AudioManager.PlaySound("teleport");
    }
    
    private Vector3 CalculateTeleportPosition(SkillContext context)
    {
        switch (TargetType)
        {
            case SkillTargetType.Self:
                return context.Caster.Position;
                
            case SkillTargetType.Directional:
                return context.Caster.Position + 
                       context.Caster.Forward * _maxDistance;
                       
            case SkillTargetType.AreaOfEffect:
                return context.Position;
                
            default:
                return context.Caster.Position;
        }
    }
    
    private bool IsValidTeleportPosition(Vector3 position)
    {
        // 检查位置是否在导航网格上
        if (!NavMesh.SamplePosition(position, out var hit, 1f, NavMesh.AllAreas))
            return false;
            
        // 检查是否有障碍物
        if (!_canPassThroughWalls)
        {
            Vector3 direction = position - context.Caster.Position;
            if (Physics.Raycast(context.Caster.Position, direction.normalized, 
                direction.magnitude, LayerMask.GetMask("Obstacle")))
            {
                return false;
            }
        }
        
        return true;
    }
    
    private Vector3 FindValidPositionNearby(Vector3 position)
    {
        // 在周围寻找有效位置
        for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++)
        {
            float angle = i * 45f * Mathf.Deg2Rad;
            Vector3 offset = new Vector3(Mathf.Cos(angle), 0, Mathf.Sin(angle)) * 2f;
            Vector3 testPosition = position + offset;
            
            if (IsValidTeleportPosition(testPosition))
                return testPosition;
        }
        
        return Vector3.zero;
    }
}

3.5 闪电冲刺（Dash）

public class DashSkill : SkillBase
{
    private float _dashDistance;
    private float _dashSpeed;
    private float _damageDuringDash;
    private Vector3 _dashDirection;
    private Vector3 _startPosition;
    
    public DashSkill(SkillConfig config) : base(config)
    {
        _dashDistance = Attributes.GetValueOrDefault("DashDistance", 8f);
        _dashSpeed = Attributes.GetValueOrDefault("DashSpeed", 20f);
        _damageDuringDash = Attributes.GetValueOrDefault("DamageDuringDash", 30f);
    }
    
    protected override void OnActivated(SkillContext context)
    {
        base.OnActivated(context);
        
        var caster = context.Caster;
        
        // 确定冲刺方向
        if (context.Target != null)
        {
            _dashDirection = (context.Target.Position - caster.Position).normalized;
        }
        else if (context.Position != Vector3.zero)
        {
            _dashDirection = (context.Position - caster.Position).normalized;
        }
        else
        {
            _dashDirection = caster.Forward;
        }
        
        _startPosition = caster.Position;
        
        // 应用冲刺效果
        caster.AddBuff(new DashBuff(
            _dashDistance,
            _dashSpeed,
            _dashDirection,
            OnDashUpdate,
            OnDashComplete
        ));
        
        // 冲刺特效
        VisualEffectManager.PlayEffect("dash_start", caster.Position);
        AudioManager.PlaySound("dash");
    }
    
    private void OnDashUpdate(GameEntity caster, float distanceTraveled)
    {
        // 检查碰撞的敌人
        var colliders = Physics.OverlapSphere(caster.Position, 1f, 
            LayerMask.GetMask("Enemy"));
            
        foreach (var collider in colliders)
        {
            var enemy = collider.GetComponent<GameEntity>();
            if (enemy != null && !enemy.IsDead)
            {
                enemy.TakeDamage(_damageDuringDash, DamageType.Lightning);
                
                // 应用击退效果
                var knockbackDir = (enemy.Position - caster.Position).normalized;
                enemy.AddBuff(new KnockbackBuff(5f, knockbackDir));
                
                // 闪电链效果
                if (Random.value < 0.2f) // 20%几率触发链式闪电
                {
                    TriggerChainLightning(enemy);
                }
            }
        }
        
        // 拖尾特效
        VisualEffectManager.PlayEffect("dash_trail", caster.Position);
    }
    
    private void OnDashComplete(GameEntity caster)
    {
        // 冲刺结束特效
        VisualEffectManager.PlayEffect("dash_end", caster.Position);
    }
    
    private void TriggerChainLightning(GameEntity initialTarget)
    {
        // 实现链式闪电逻辑
        var nearbyEnemies = EntityManager.GetEntitiesInRadius(
            initialTarget.Position, 5f, "Enemy");
            
        int maxChains = 3;
        int chains = 0;
        GameEntity currentTarget = initialTarget;
        
        while (chains < maxChains && nearbyEnemies.Count > 1)
        {
            // 找到最近的其他敌人
            GameEntity nextTarget = null;
            float closestDistance = float.MaxValue;
            
            foreach (var enemy in nearbyEnemies)
            {
                if (enemy == currentTarget || enemy.IsDead)
                    continue;
                    
                float distance = Vector3.Distance(currentTarget.Position, enemy.Position);
                if (distance < closestDistance)
                {
                    closestDistance = distance;
                    nextTarget = enemy;
                }
            }
            
            if (nextTarget != null)
            {
                // 造成伤害
                float chainDamage = _damageDuringDash * 0.5f;
                nextTarget.TakeDamage(chainDamage, DamageType.Lightning);
                
                // 闪电特效
                VisualEffectManager.PlayEffect("chain_lightning", 
                    currentTarget.Position, nextTarget.Position);
                    
                currentTarget = nextTarget;
                chains++;
            }
            else
            {
                break;
            }
        }
    }
}

四、技能测试框架实现

4.1 测试框架核心

public class SkillTestFramework
{
    public enum TestResult
    {
        Passed,
        Failed,
        Skipped
    }
    
    public class TestCase
    {
        public string Name { get; set; }
        public Func<TestResult> Execute { get; set; }
        public string Description { get; set; }
    }
    
    public class TestReport
    {
        public string SkillId { get; set; }
        public DateTime TestDate { get; set; }
        public List<TestResult> Results { get; set; }
        public int TotalTests => Results.Count;
        public int PassedTests => Results.Count(r => r == TestResult.Passed);
        public int FailedTests => Results.Count(r => r == TestResult.Failed);
        public float SuccessRate => TotalTests > 0 ? (float)PassedTests / TotalTests * 100 : 0;
    }
    
    private static List<TestCase> _testCases = new List<TestCase>();
    
    static SkillTestFramework()
    {
        RegisterDefaultTestCases();
    }
    
    private static void RegisterDefaultTestCases()
    {
        // 基础功能测试
        AddTestCase("技能初始化测试", TestSkillInitialization);
        AddTestCase("技能激活测试", TestSkillActivation);
        AddTestCase("技能冷却测试", TestSkillCooldown);
        AddTestCase("技能升级测试", TestSkillLevelUp);
        AddTestCase("技能效果测试", TestSkillEffects);
        AddTestCase("技能条件检查测试", TestSkillConditions);
        AddTestCase("技能资源消耗测试", TestResourceConsumption);
        AddTestCase("技能状态管理测试", TestStateManagement);
        
        // 性能测试
        AddTestCase("技能更新性能测试", TestUpdatePerformance);
        AddTestCase("多技能并发测试", TestConcurrentSkills);
    }
    
    public static void AddTestCase(string name, Func<TestResult> testMethod, string description = "")
    {
        _testCases.Add(new TestCase
        {
            Name = name,
            Execute = testMethod,
            Description = description
        });
    }
    
    public static TestReport RunAllTests(ISkill skill, SkillContext context = null)
    {
        var report = new TestReport
        {
            SkillId = skill.Id,
            TestDate = DateTime.Now,
            Results = new List<TestResult>()
        };
        
        Console.WriteLine($"=== 开始测试技能: {skill.Name} ===");
        
        foreach (var testCase in _testCases)
        {
            try
            {
                Console.Write($"执行测试: {testCase.Name}... ");
                var result = testCase.Execute();
                report.Results.Add(result);
                
                Console.WriteLine(result == TestResult.Passed ? "通过" : 
                                 result == TestResult.Failed ? "失败" : "跳过");
                                 
                if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(testCase.Description))
                {
                    Console.WriteLine($"  说明: {testCase.Description}");
                }
            }
            catch (Exception ex)
            {
                report.Results.Add(TestResult.Failed);
                Console.WriteLine($"失败 - 异常: {ex.Message}");
            }
        }
        
        Console.WriteLine($"=== 测试完成: {skill.Name} ===");
        Console.WriteLine($"总计: {report.TotalTests}, 通过: {report.PassedTests}, " +
                         $"失败: {report.FailedTests}, 成功率: {report.SuccessRate:F2}%");
        
        return report;
    }
    
    // 具体测试方法实现
    public static TestResult TestSkillInitialization()
    {
        try
        {
            // 创建测试技能
            var config = CreateTestSkillConfig();
            var skill = new FireballSkill(config);
            
            // 验证初始化
            if (skill.Id != "test_fireball")
                return TestResult.Failed;
                
            if (skill.Level != 1)
                return TestResult.Failed;
                
            if (skill.Cooldown <= 0)
                return TestResult.Failed;
                
            return TestResult.Passed;
        }
        catch
        {
            return TestResult.Failed;
        }
    }
    
    public static TestResult TestSkillActivation()
    {
        var config = CreateTestSkillConfig();
        var skill = new FireballSkill(config);
        var context = CreateTestContext();
        
        // 测试激活
        bool activated = skill.Activate(context);
        
        if (!activated)
            return TestResult.Failed;
            
        if (!skill.IsActive)
            return TestResult.Failed;
            
        // 测试冷却时间
        if (skill.CurrentCooldown != skill.Cooldown)
            return TestResult.Failed;
            
        return TestResult.Passed;
    }
    
    public static TestResult TestSkillCooldown()
    {
        var config = CreateTestSkillConfig();
        var skill = new FireballSkill(config);
        var context = CreateTestContext();
        
        // 激活技能
        skill.Activate(context);
        float initialCooldown = skill.CurrentCooldown;
        
        // 模拟时间流逝
        float deltaTime = 0.5f;
        skill.Update(deltaTime);
        
        // 验证冷却时间减少
        if (Math.Abs(skill.CurrentCooldown - (initialCooldown - deltaTime)) > 0.001f)
            return TestResult.Failed;
            
        // 模拟完全冷却
        skill.Update(initialCooldown);
        
        if (skill.CurrentCooldown > 0)
            return TestResult.Failed;
            
        return TestResult.Passed;
    }
    
    public static TestResult TestSkillLevelUp()
    {
        var config = CreateTestSkillConfig();
        config.MaxLevel = 5;
        var skill = new FireballSkill(config);
        
        int initialLevel = skill.Level;
        
        // 测试升级
        for (int i = initialLevel; i < config.MaxLevel; i++)
        {
            bool leveledUp = skill.LevelUp();
            
            if (!leveledUp)
                return TestResult.Failed;
                
            if (skill.Level != i + 1)
                return TestResult.Failed;
        }
        
        // 测试最大等级
        bool maxLevelAttempt = skill.LevelUp();
        if (maxLevelAttempt)
            return TestResult.Failed;
            
        return TestResult.Passed;
    }
    
    public static TestResult TestSkillEffects()
    {
        var config = CreateTestSkillConfig();
        
        // 添加测试效果
        config.Effects.Add(new SkillEffectConfig
        {
            Type = "Damage",
            Value = 50,
            Duration = 0
        });
        
        var skill = new FireballSkill(config);
        var context = CreateTestContext();
        
        // 创建模拟目标
        var mockTarget = CreateMockTarget();
        context.Target = mockTarget;
        
        float initialHealth = mockTarget.CurrentHealth;
        
        // 激活技能
        skill.Activate(context);
        
        // 验证效果应用
        if (Math.Abs(mockTarget.CurrentHealth - (initialHealth - 50)) > 0.001f)
            return TestResult.Failed;
            
        return TestResult.Passed;
    }
    
    // 辅助方法
    private static SkillConfig CreateTestSkillConfig()
    {
        return new SkillConfig
        {
            Id = "test_fireball",
            Name = "测试火球术",
            Description = "用于测试的火球术技能",
            Category = SkillCategory.Offensive,
            ActivationType = SkillActivationType.Instant,
            BaseCooldown = 5f,
            BaseManaCost = 30f,
            BaseCastTime = 0.5f,
            MaxLevel = 3,
            TargetType = SkillTargetType.SingleTarget,
            BaseAttributes = new Dictionary<string, float>
            {
                { "Damage", 50f },
                { "ExplosionRadius", 3f }
            },
            Effects = new List<SkillEffectConfig>(),
            LevelConfigs = new Dictionary<int, SkillLevelConfig>
            {
                { 2, new SkillLevelConfig { DamageMultiplier = 1.2f } },
                { 3, new SkillLevelConfig { DamageMultiplier = 1.5f } }
            }
        };
    }
    
    private static SkillContext CreateTestContext()
    {
        return new SkillContext
        {
            Caster = CreateMockCaster(),
            Target = CreateMockTarget(),
            Position = Vector3.zero,
            Rotation = Quaternion.identity,
            Trigger = SkillTrigger.PlayerInput,
            Parameters = new Dictionary<string, object>()
        };
    }
    
    public static GameEntity CreateMockCaster()
    {
        // 创建模拟施法者
        return new MockGameEntity
        {
            Id = "mock_caster",
            Name = "测试施法者",
            Position = Vector3.zero,
            Rotation = Quaternion.identity,
            CurrentHealth = 1000,
            MaxHealth = 1000,
            CurrentMana = 500,
            MaxMana = 500,
            Team = "Player",
            Attributes = new Dictionary<string, float>
            {
                { "Strength", 10 },
                { "Intelligence", 20 },
                { "Dexterity", 15 }
            }
        };
    }
    
    public static GameEntity CreateMockTarget()
    {
        // 创建模拟目标
        return new MockGameEntity
        {
            Id = "mock_target",
            Name = "测试目标",
            Position = new Vector3(0, 0, 5),
            Rotation = Quaternion.identity,
            CurrentHealth = 500,
            MaxHealth = 500,
            CurrentMana = 200,
            MaxMana = 200,
            Team = "Enemy",
            Attributes = new Dictionary<string, float>()
        };
    }
    
    // 性能测试
    public static TestResult TestUpdatePerformance()
    {
        try
        {
            var config = CreateTestSkillConfig();
            var skill = new FireballSkill(config);
            var context = CreateTestContext();
            
            // 激活技能以创建效果
            skill.Activate(context);
            
            // 性能测试：模拟大量更新
            int iterations = 10000;
            var stopwatch = System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch.StartNew();
            
            for (int i = 0; i < iterations; i++)
            {
                skill.Update(0.016f); // 模拟60FPS
            }
            
            stopwatch.Stop();
            long totalMs = stopwatch.ElapsedMilliseconds;
            float avgMs = totalMs / (float)iterations;
            
            Console.WriteLine($"  性能: {totalMs}ms 总计, {avgMs:F4}ms 每帧");
            
            // 性能阈值：每帧不超过1ms
            if (avgMs > 1.0f)
            {
                Console.WriteLine($"  警告：性能低于预期阈值");
                return TestResult.Failed;
            }
            
            return TestResult.Passed;
        }
        catch
        {
            return TestResult.Failed;
        }
    }
    
    // 集成测试
    public static void RunIntegrationTest()
    {
        Console.WriteLine("=== 技能系统集成测试 ===");
        
        // 创建技能管理器
        var player = CreateMockCaster();
        var skillManager = new SkillManager(player);
        
        // 学习技能
        skillManager.LearnSkill("fireball");
        skillManager.LearnSkill("heal");
        skillManager.LearnSkill("shield");
        
        // 获取技能列表
        var allSkills = skillManager.GetAllSkills();
        Console.WriteLine($"已学习技能数: {allSkills.Count}");
        
        // 测试技能激活链
        var context = CreateTestContext();
        context.Target = CreateMockTarget();
        
        // 激活火球术
        bool fireballActivated = skillManager.ActivateSkill("fireball", context);
        Console.WriteLine($"火球术激活: {fireballActivated}");
        
        // 更新技能管理器
        skillManager.Update(0.5f);
        
        // 检查冷却时间
        var fireball = skillManager.GetSkill("fireball");
        Console.WriteLine($"火球术冷却: {fireball.CurrentCooldown:F1}/{fireball.Cooldown:F1}");
        
        // 测试技能升级
        for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
        {
            fireball.LevelUp();
        }
        Console.WriteLine($"火球术等级: {fireball.Level}/{fireball.MaxLevel}");
        
        Console.WriteLine("=== 集成测试完成 ===");
    }
}

4.2 测试配置文件

{
  "TestConfig": {
    "PerformanceThresholdMs": 1.0,
    "MaxTestIterations": 10000,
    "EnableStressTesting": true,
    "TestCategories": [
      "Functional",
      "Performance",
      "Integration"
    ],
    "SkillTestConfigs": [
      {
        "SkillId": "fireball",
        "RequiredTests": [
          "TestSkillActivation",
          "TestSkillCooldown",
          "TestDamageCalculation"
        ]
      },
      {
        "SkillId": "heal",
        "RequiredTests": [
          "TestSkillActivation",
          "TestHealingAmount",
          "TestTargetValidation"
        ]
      }
    ]
  }
}

五、部署与使用指南

5.1 技能配置示例

{
  "Skills": [
    {
      "Id": "fireball",
      "Name": "火球术",
      "Description": "发射一个火球，对目标造成火焰伤害并有几率点燃敌人",
      "Category": "Offensive",
      "ActivationType": "Instant",
      "BaseCooldown": 3.0,
      "BaseManaCost": 25.0,
      "BaseCastTime": 0.5,
      "MaxLevel": 5,
      "TargetType": "SingleTarget",
      "BaseAttributes": {
        "Damage": 60.0,
        "ExplosionRadius": 3.0,
        "BurnChance": 0.3,
        "BurnDuration": 5.0,
        "BurnDamagePerSecond": 10.0
      },
      "Effects": [
        {
          "Type": "Damage",
          "Value": 60.0,
          "DamageType": "Fire"
        },
        {
          "Type": "Burn",
          "Chance": 0.3,
          "Duration": 5.0,
          "DamagePerSecond": 10.0
        }
      ],
      "LevelConfigs": {
        "2": {
          "DamageMultiplier": 1.2,
          "ManaCostMultiplier": 1.1
        },
        "3": {
          "DamageMultiplier": 1.4,
          "ExplosionRadiusMultiplier": 1.2
        },
        "4": {
          "DamageMultiplier": 1.6,
          "BurnChanceMultiplier": 1.5
        },
        "5": {
          "DamageMultiplier": 1.8,
          "CooldownMultiplier": 0.8
        }
      }
    }
  ]
}

5.2 使用示例

// 1. 初始化技能系统
var player = new Player();
var skillManager = new SkillManager(player);

// 2. 学习技能
skillManager.LearnSkill("fireball");
skillManager.LearnSkill("heal");
skillManager.LearnSkill("teleport");

// 3. 激活技能
var context = new SkillContext
{
    Caster = player,
    Target = enemy,
    Position = enemy.Position,
    Trigger = SkillTrigger.PlayerInput
};

bool success = skillManager.ActivateSkill("fireball", context);
if (success)
{
    Debug.Log("火球术施放成功！");
}

// 4. 更新技能系统（在游戏循环中）
void Update()
{
    float deltaTime = Time.deltaTime;
    skillManager.Update(deltaTime);
}

// 5. 技能升级
var fireball = skillManager.GetSkill("fireball");
if (fireball.CanLevelUp())
{
    fireball.LevelUp();
    Debug.Log($"火球术升级到{fireball.Level}级！");
}

// 6. 运行测试
var testReport = SkillTestFramework.RunAllTests(fireball);
if (testReport.SuccessRate < 100)
{
    Debug.LogWarning($"技能测试未完全通过: {testReport.SuccessRate}%");
}

六、扩展与优化建议

6.1 性能优化

1. 对象池技术：为频繁创建/销毁的技能效果使用对象池
2. 批处理更新：将多个技能的Update调用合并处理
3. LOD系统：根据距离调整技能效果的细节等级
4. 异步加载：对资源密集型技能效果使用异步加载

6.2 功能扩展

1. 技能组合系统：实现技能连招和组合效果
2. 天赋树系统：添加天赋来修改和增强技能
3. 技能符文系统：允许通过符文自定义技能行为
4. 环境互动：技能与环境元素的交互效果

6.3 工具支持

1. 技能编辑器：可视化技能配置工具
2. 性能分析工具：实时监控技能系统性能
3. 调试视图：游戏内技能状态可视化
4. 自动化测试套件：持续集成测试

此方案提供了一个完整、可扩展的技能系统基础，包含了5个具体技能示例和全面的测试框架。系统设计遵循了SOLID原则，易于维护和扩展，适合各类游戏开发需求。