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Linux 磁盘管理

Linux 磁盘管理好坏直接关系到整个系统的性能问题。

Linux 磁盘管理常用三个命令为 df、du 和 fdisk。

• df（英文全称：disk free）：列出文件系统的整体磁盘使用量
• du（英文全称：disk used）：检查磁盘空间使用量
• fdisk：用于磁盘分区

df

df命令参数功能：检查文件系统的磁盘空间占用情况。可以利用该命令来获取硬盘被占用了多少空间，目前还剩下多少空间等信息。

语法：

df [-ahikHTm] [目录或文件名]

选项与参数：

• -h：以人类可读的方式显示输出结果（例如，使用 KB、MB、GB 等单位）。

• -T：显示文件系统的类型。

• -t <文件系统类型>：只显示指定类型的文件系统。

• -i：显示 inode 使用情况。

• -H：该参数是 -h 的变体，但是使用 1000 字节作为基本单位而不是 1024 字节。这意味着它会以 SI（国际单位制）单位（例如 MB、GB）而不是二进制单位（例如 MiB、GiB）来显示磁盘使用情况。

• -k：这个选项会以 KB 作为单位显示磁盘空间使用情况。

• -a：该参数将显示所有的文件系统，包括虚拟文件系统，例如 proc、sysfs 等。如果没有使用该选项，默认情况下，df 命令不会显示虚拟文件系统。

实例 1

将系统内所有的文件系统列出来！

[root@www ~]# df
Filesystem      1K-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/hdc2         9920624   3823112   5585444  41% /
/dev/hdc3         4956316    141376   4559108   4% /home
/dev/hdc1          101086     11126     84741  12% /boot
tmpfs              371332         0    371332   0% /dev/shm

在 Linux 底下如果 df 没有加任何选项，那么默认会将系统内所有的 (不含特殊内存内的文件系统与 swap) 都以 1 Kbytes 的容量来列出来！

实例 2

将容量结果以易读的容量格式显示出来

[root@www ~]# df -h
Filesystem            Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/hdc2             9.5G  3.7G  5.4G  41% /
/dev/hdc3             4.8G  139M  4.4G   4% /home
/dev/hdc1              99M   11M   83M  12% /boot
tmpfs                 363M     0  363M   0% /dev/shm

实例 3

将系统内的所有特殊文件格式及名称都列出来

[root@www ~]# df -aT
Filesystem    Type 1K-blocks    Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/hdc2     ext3   9920624 3823112   5585444  41% /
proc          proc         0       0         0   -  /proc
sysfs        sysfs         0       0         0   -  /sys
devpts      devpts         0       0         0   -  /dev/pts
/dev/hdc3     ext3   4956316  141376   4559108   4% /home
/dev/hdc1     ext3    101086   11126     84741  12% /boot
tmpfs        tmpfs    371332       0    371332   0% /dev/shm
none   binfmt_misc         0       0         0   -  /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc
sunrpc  rpc_pipefs         0       0         0   -  /var/lib/nfs/rpc_pipefs

实例 4

将 /etc 底下的可用的磁盘容量以易读的容量格式显示

[root@www ~]# df -h /etc
Filesystem            Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/hdc2             9.5G  3.7G  5.4G  41% /

du

Linux du 命令也是查看使用空间的，但是与 df 命令不同的是 Linux du 命令是对文件和目录磁盘使用的空间的查看，还是和df命令有一些区别的，这里介绍 Linux du 命令。

语法：

du [-ahskm] 文件或目录名称

选项与参数：

• -a ：列出所有的文件与目录容量，因为默认仅统计目录底下的文件量而已。
• -h ：以人们较易读的容量格式 (G/M) 显示；
• -s ：仅显示指定目录或文件的总大小，而不显示其子目录的大小。
• -S ：包括子目录下的总计，与 -s 有点差别。
• -k ：以 KBytes 列出容量显示；
• -m ：以 MBytes 列出容量显示；

实例 1

只列出当前目录下的所有文件夹容量（包括隐藏文件夹）:

[root@www ~]# du
8       ./test4     <==每个目录都会列出来
8       ./test2
....中间省略....
12      ./.gconfd   <==包括隐藏文件的目录
220     .           <==这个目录(.)所占用的总量

直接输入 du 没有加任何选项时，则 du 会分析当前所在目录里的子目录所占用的硬盘空间。

实例 2

将文件的容量也列出来

[root@www ~]# du -a
12      ./install.log.syslog   <==有文件的列表了
8       ./.bash_logout
8       ./test4
8       ./test2
....中间省略....
12      ./.gconfd
220     .

实例 3

检查根目录底下每个目录所占用的容量

[root@www ~]# du -sm /*
7       /bin
6       /boot
.....中间省略....
0       /proc
.....中间省略....
1       /tmp
3859    /usr     <==系统初期最大就是他了啦！
77      /var

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通配符 * 来代表每个目录。

与 df 不一样的是，du 这个命令其实会直接到文件系统内去搜寻所有的文件数据。

fdisk

fdisk 是 Linux 的磁盘分区表操作工具。

语法：

fdisk [-l] 装置名称

选项与参数：

• -l ：输出后面接的装置所有的分区内容。若仅有 fdisk -l 时， 则系统将会把整个系统内能够搜寻到的装置的分区均列出来。

实例 1

列出所有分区信息

[root@AY120919111755c246621 tmp]# fdisk -l

Disk /dev/xvda: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000

    Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/xvda1   *           1        2550    20480000   83  Linux
/dev/xvda2            2550        2611      490496   82  Linux swap / Solaris

Disk /dev/xvdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x56f40944

    Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/xvdb2               1        2610    20964793+  83  Linux

实例 2

找出你系统中的根目录所在磁盘，并查阅该硬盘内的相关信息

[root@www ~]# df /            <==注意：重点在找出磁盘文件名而已
Filesystem           1K-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/hdc2              9920624   3823168   5585388  41% /

[root@www ~]# fdisk /dev/hdc  <==仔细看，不要加上数字喔！
The number of cylinders for this disk is set to 5005.
There is nothing wrong with that, but this is larger than 1024,
and could in certain setups cause problems with:
1) software that runs at boot time (e.g., old versions of LILO)
2) booting and partitioning software from other OSs
   (e.g., DOS FDISK, OS/2 FDISK)

Command (m for help):     <==等待你的输入！

输入 m 后，就会看到底下这些命令介绍

Command (m for help): m   <== 输入 m 后，就会看到底下这些命令介绍
Command action
   a   toggle a bootable flag
   b   edit bsd disklabel
   c   toggle the dos compatibility flag
   d   delete a partition            <==删除一个partition
   l   list known partition types
   m   print this menu
   n   add a new partition           <==新增一个partition
   o   create a new empty DOS partition table
   p   print the partition table     <==在屏幕上显示分割表
   q   quit without saving changes   <==不储存离开fdisk程序
   s   create a new empty Sun disklabel
   t   change a partition's system id
   u   change display/entry units
   v   verify the partition table
   w   write table to disk and exit  <==将刚刚的动作写入分割表
   x   extra functionality (experts only)

离开 fdisk 时按下 q，那么所有的动作都不会生效！相反的， 按下w就是动作生效的意思。

Command (m for help): p  <== 这里可以输出目前磁盘的状态