Linux 的目录结构为树状结构
Linux 文件与目录管理
我们知道 Linux 的目录结构为树状结构，最顶级的目录为根目录 /。
其他目录通过挂载可以将它们添加到树中，通过解除挂载可以移除它们。
在开始本教程前我们需要先知道什么是绝对路径与相对路径。
-
绝对路径：
路径的写法，由根目录 / 写起，例如： /usr/share/doc 这个目录。 -
相对路径：
路径的写法，不是由 / 写起，例如由 /usr/share/doc 要到 /usr/share/man 底下时，可以写成： cd ../man 这就是相对路径的写法。
处理目录的常用命令
接下来我们就来看几个常见的处理目录的命令吧：
- ls（英文全拼：list files）: 列出目录及文件名
- cd（英文全拼：change directory）：切换目录
- pwd（英文全拼：print work directory）：显示目前的目录
- mkdir（英文全拼：make directory）：创建一个新的目录
- rmdir（英文全拼：remove directory）：删除一个空的目录
- cp（英文全拼：copy file）: 复制文件或目录
- rm（英文全拼：remove）: 删除文件或目录
- mv（英文全拼：move file）: 移动文件与目录，或修改文件与目录的名称
你可以使用 man [命令] 来查看各个命令的使用文档，如 ：man cp。
ls (列出目录)
在Linux系统当中， ls 命令可能是最常被运行的。
语法：
[root@www ~]# ls [-aAdfFhilnrRSt] 目录名称
[root@www ~]# ls [--color={never,auto,always}] 目录名称
[root@www ~]# ls [--full-time] 目录名称
选项与参数：
- -a ：全部的文件，连同隐藏文件( 开头为 . 的文件) 一起列出来(常用)
- -d ：仅列出目录本身，而不是列出目录内的文件数据(常用)
- -l ：长数据串列出，包含文件的属性与权限等等数据；(常用)
将目录下的所有文件列出来(含属性与隐藏档)
[root@www ~]# ls -al ~
cd (切换目录)
cd是Change Directory的缩写，这是用来变换工作目录的命令。
语法：
cd [相对路径或绝对路径]
#使用 mkdir 命令创建 runoob 目录 [root@www ~]# mkdir runoob #使用绝对路径切换到 runoob 目录 [root@www ~]# cd /root/runoob/ #使用相对路径切换到 runoob 目录 [root@www ~]# cd ./runoob/ # 表示回到自己的家目录，亦即是 /root 这个目录 [root@www runoob]# cd ~ # 表示去到目前的上一级目录，亦即是 /root 的上一级目录的意思； [root@www ~]# cd ..
接下来大家多操作几次应该就可以很好的理解 cd 命令的。
pwd (显示目前所在的目录)
pwd 是 Print Working Directory 的缩写，也就是显示目前所在目录的命令。
[root@www ~]# pwd [-P]
选项与参数：
- -P ：显示出确实的路径，而非使用链接 (link) 路径。
实例：单纯显示出目前的工作目录：
[root@www ~]# pwd /root <== 显示出目录啦～
实例显示出实际的工作目录，而非链接档本身的目录名而已。
[root@www ~]# cd /var/mail <==注意，/var/mail是一个链接档 [root@www mail]# pwd /var/mail <==列出目前的工作目录 [root@www mail]# pwd -P /var/spool/mail <==怎么回事？有没有加 -P 差很多～ [root@www mail]# ls -ld /var/mail lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Sep 4 17:54 /var/mail -> spool/mail # 看到这里应该知道为啥了吧？因为 /var/mail 是链接档，链接到 /var/spool/mail # 所以，加上 pwd -P 的选项后，会不以链接档的数据显示，而是显示正确的完整路径啊！
mkdir (创建新目录)
如果想要创建新的目录的话，那么就使用mkdir (make directory)吧。
语法：
mkdir [-mp] 目录名称
选项与参数：
- -m ：配置文件的权限喔！直接配置，不需要看默认权限 (umask) 的脸色～
- -p ：帮助你直接将所需要的目录(包含上一级目录)递归创建起来！
实例：请到/tmp底下尝试创建数个新目录看看：
[root@www ~]# cd /tmp [root@www tmp]# mkdir test <==创建一名为 test 的新目录 [root@www tmp]# mkdir test1/test2/test3/test4 mkdir: cannot create directory `test1/test2/test3/test4': No such file or directory <== 没办法直接创建此目录啊！ [root@www tmp]# mkdir -p test1/test2/test3/test4
加了这个 -p 的选项，可以自行帮你创建多层目录！
实例：创建权限为 rwx--x--x 的目录。
[root@www tmp]# mkdir -m 711 test2 [root@www tmp]# ls -l drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Jul 18 12:50 test drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Jul 18 12:53 test1 drwx--x--x 2 root root 4096 Jul 18 12:54 test2
上面的权限部分，如果没有加上 -m 来强制配置属性，系统会使用默认属性。
如果我们使用 -m ，如上例我们给予 -m 711 来给予新的目录 drwx--x--x 的权限。
rmdir (删除空的目录)
语法：
rmdir [-p] 目录名称
选项与参数：
- -p ：从该目录起，一次删除多级空目录
删除 runoob 目录
[root@www tmp]# rmdir runoob/
将 mkdir 实例中创建的目录(/tmp 底下)删除掉！
[root@www tmp]# ls -l <==看看有多少目录存在？ drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Jul 18 12:50 test drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Jul 18 12:53 test1 drwx--x--x 2 root root 4096 Jul 18 12:54 test2 [root@www tmp]# rmdir test <==可直接删除掉，没问题 [root@www tmp]# rmdir test1 <==因为尚有内容，所以无法删除！ rmdir: `test1': Directory not empty [root@www tmp]# rmdir -p test1/test2/test3/test4 [root@www tmp]# ls -l <==您看看，底下的输出中test与test1不见了！ drwx--x--x 2 root root 4096 Jul 18 12:54 test2
利用 -p 这个选项，立刻就可以将 test1/test2/test3/test4 一次删除。
不过要注意的是，这个 rmdir 仅能删除空的目录，你可以使用 rm 命令来删除非空目录。
cp (复制文件或目录)
cp 即拷贝文件和目录。
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013787
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013786
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013784
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013785
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013783
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013778
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013782
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013779
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013781
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013780
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013777
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013776
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013775
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013774
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013714
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013773
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013772
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013771
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013709
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013769
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013728
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013768
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013767
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013765
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013764
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013763
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013762
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013700
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013761
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013759
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013760
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013758
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013748
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013756
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013755
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013754
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013753
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013752
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013751
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013750
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013749
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013747
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013745
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013746
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013744
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013742
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013741
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013740
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013738
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013739
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013737
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013736
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013735
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013734
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013733
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013731
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013732
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013635
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013730
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013673
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013725
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013729
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013728
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013727
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013724
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013723
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013722
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013721
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013665
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013720
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013719
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013718
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013716
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013717
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013715
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013714
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013713
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013708
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013712
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013617
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013711
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013710
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013709
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013706
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013705
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013707
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013704
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013702
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013703
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013701
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013700
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013698
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013699
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013696
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013697
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013695
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013694
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013693
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013692
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013691
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013690
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013688
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013689
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013687
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013686
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013685
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013683
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013682
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013680
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013681
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013679
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013678
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013677
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013676
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013675
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013674
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013622
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013671
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013673
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013672
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013670
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013668
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013669
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013586
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013623
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013667
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013546
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013666
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013665
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013660
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013664
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013663
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013662
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013661
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013659
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013656
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013658
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013657
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013655
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013654
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013652
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013653
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013651
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013649
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013648
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013647
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013646
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013645
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013644
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013642
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013643
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013641
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013640
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013639
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013638
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013589
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013637
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013636
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013635
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013634
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013631
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013633
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013632
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013630
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013627
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013628
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013626
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013583
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013625
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013624
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013623
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10013622
语法:
[root@www ~]# cp [-adfilprsu] 来源档(source) 目标档(destination) [root@www ~]# cp [options] source1 source2 source3 .... directory
选项与参数：
-
-a：相当於 -pdr 的意思，至於 pdr 请参考下列说明；(常用)
-
-d：若来源档为链接档的属性(link file)，则复制链接档属性而非文件本身；
-
-f：为强制(force)的意思，若目标文件已经存在且无法开启，则移除后再尝试一次；
-
-i：若目标档(destination)已经存在时，在覆盖时会先询问动作的进行(常用)
-
-l：进行硬式链接(hard link)的链接档创建，而非复制文件本身；
-
-p：连同文件的属性一起复制过去，而非使用默认属性(备份常用)；
-
-r：递归持续复制，用於目录的复制行为；(常用)
-
-s：复制成为符号链接档 (symbolic link)，亦即『捷径』文件；
-
-u：若 destination 比 source 旧才升级 destination ！
用 root 身份，将 root 目录下的 .bashrc 复制到 /tmp 下，并命名为 bashrc
[root@www ~]# cp ~/.bashrc /tmp/bashrc [root@www ~]# cp -i ~/.bashrc /tmp/bashrc cp: overwrite `/tmp/bashrc'? n <==n不覆盖，y为覆盖
rm (移除文件或目录)
语法：
rm [-fir] 文件或目录
选项与参数：
- -f ：就是 force 的意思，忽略不存在的文件，不会出现警告信息；
- -i ：互动模式，在删除前会询问使用者是否动作
- -r ：递归删除啊！最常用在目录的删除了！这是非常危险的选项！！！
将刚刚在 cp 的实例中创建的 bashrc 删除掉！
[root@www tmp]# rm -i bashrc rm: remove regular file `bashrc'? y
如果加上 -i 的选项就会主动询问喔，避免你删除到错误的档名！
mv (移动文件与目录，或修改名称)
语法：
[root@www ~]# mv [-fiu] source destination [root@www ~]# mv [options] source1 source2 source3 .... directory
选项与参数：
- -f ：force 强制的意思，如果目标文件已经存在，不会询问而直接覆盖；
- -i ：若目标文件 (destination) 已经存在时，就会询问是否覆盖！
- -u ：若目标文件已经存在，且 source 比较新，才会升级 (update)
复制一文件，创建一目录，将文件移动到目录中
[root@www ~]# cd /tmp [root@www tmp]# cp ~/.bashrc bashrc [root@www tmp]# mkdir mvtest [root@www tmp]# mv bashrc mvtest
将某个文件移动到某个目录去，就是这样做！
将刚刚的目录名称更名为 mvtest2
[root@www tmp]# mv mvtest mvtest2
